The Career As A Hair Stylist - 1320 Words

Hair Stylists are considered the happiest at work out of all the professions. The career as a Hair Stylist is very helpful, because you help out people not just physically but also emotionally. The research will describe the career as a Hair Stylist, what is required to become a successful Hair Stylist, and the impact this career has on society. The history of being a Hair Stylist , Hair styling first was introduced back in the 3000 B.C. Females would dye their hair just to show what class they stand in their society. Humble females would dye their hair red, while the upper classes would dye their hair blonde and poor females would dye it black this would show the different classes between them. In fact Hairstyling started to become very important all around, and it was known as the world of medicine. Not to mention that egypt also became more involve in hairstyling also. The duties of being a Hair Stylist requires one always to be punctual to work and to look your best at all times. There are many more different and interesting duties about this job like you always suppose to keep your working area and tools clean and neat. Being a Hair Stylist requires having a lot of responsibility like keeping up with the latest trends in hair styles. Not only that but they also know about how hair grows and why it stops growing or when hair has been damaged by so much sun clumsy or excessive treatment. Hair Stylist would give tips to clients on how to maintain your hair the mostShow MoreRelatedCareer Choices For A Hair Stylist887 Words   |  4 PagesExploring career choices can be one of the most tasking process that one will come upon. During my adolescent years, I wanted to tackle the career of a hair stylist. Years passed by, then it changed to nurse, then psychiatrist, and finally settled to one option I am now most passionate about, physical therapy. P hysical therapy captivates me because I yearn to live life to maximum capacity. Not everyone is fortunate enough to live that way due to an unforeseen injury. I want to be there for peopleRead MoreCosmetology Is A Challenging Career983 Words   |  4 PagesCosmetology. You spend a total of 1,500 hours on your career--hours of hands-on activity and hours of staring at a book while you mindlessly try to take in all the information being taught. You have to be passionate about Cosmetology in order to make it. You have to be open to criticism and harsh judgement. You have to accept that practice makes perfect. Cosmetology is a challenging career, and most people think you cannot make money off of this career. With time and management, cosmetologists can makeRead MoreA Brief Note On The Art Of Cosmetology1702 Words   |  7 Pagessteady hands, and an open mind. Cosmetologist can earn around $10 an hour according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Cosmetology isn’t just hai rstyling, it’s also make-up, facials, manicuring, pedicuring, braiding, coloring, haircutting, and also hair-design (Barnes V-VII). This is a job in which, may sometimes call for some late nights for those clients who need to work late or early mornings for other clients who want a fresh start for their day; so it is critical to use time wisely and scheduleRead MoreAnalysis Of Peter Rosas s Hairstylist 954 Words   |  4 PagesThe book I chose to read was â€Å"Hairstylist: How to Reach The Top – Your Success Is More Than Cutting Hair† by Peter Rosas. I was looking for an inspirational hairstylist book with encouragement and guidance. His book is about the many secrets to make it to the â€Å"top† and how to market yourself and become successful. The author of the book, Peter Rosas, is a stylist, app creator, and educator with over 35 years in the industry. I thoroughly enjoyed the book and would highly recommend it to any graduatingRead MoreSkills an d Career Pathways in Hair Styling2439 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Skills and Career Pathways in Hair Styling Abstract There is a wealth of opportunities for students interested in cosmetology, and specifically those interested in hair. There are career opportunities for people interested in the science, the health, and the aesthetics of human hair. Of the many career opportunities available, the three of focus for this paper will be a hair stylist in the film and/or fashion industry; a cosmetic scientist that specializes in hair; and the executive producerRead MoreWhy I Chose This Career1065 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Paragraph The career that I will be researching is Cosmetology. There are really two reasons why I chose this career. The first reason is so I can help work my way through college. At first I wanted to go for a lawyer so I was look at seven years of college, but now I am looking to go for business to open my own salon. The second reason is because since I was a little girl I have always loved doing hair. I find that when you do somebodies hair you are actually doing a good deedRead MoreWhy I Chose This Career1067 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Paragraph The career that I will be researching is Cosmetology. There are really two reasons why I chose this career. The first reason is so I can help work my way through college. At first I wanted to go for a lawyer so I was looking at seven years of college, but now I am looking to go for business to open my own salon. The second reason is because since I was a little girl I have always loved doing hair. I find that when you do somebodies hair you are actually doing a good deed. TheyRead MoreWhat You Learn in Cosmetology Schol1395 Words   |  6 Pagesthe state board exam and receiving a license, one has many options in careers. Examples include stylist in a salon, stylist on cruise ships, hair color specialist, nail care specialist, salon owner, nursing home stylist, salon manager, salon coordinator, salon sales consultant, manufacturer sales representative, makeup artist, director of education, distributors sales representative, fashion show stylist, photo and movie stylist, platform art ist and educator, beauty magazine writer, beauty magazineRead MoreMy Experience At Hair Savvy Hair And Nail Salon1107 Words   |  5 PagesThe entrepreneur I interviewed was, Dehra Battle. She is the owner and stylist at Hair Savvy Hair and Nail Salon. The salon opened up on the Spring of 2010. I have known Dehra for the past 10 years. She has been my personal hair stylist for the last 10 years. Being a close family friend, I have witnessed her trials and tribulations with being an entrepreneur. I choose Dehra, because she is a wonderful and hard working woman; she has a passion for helping others with self esteem by creating signatureRead MoreCosmetology : Professional Skills And Practice Of Beautifying The Face, Hair, And Skin1072 Words   |  5 Pagesabout careers to think about and to prepare for after high school. Her and her class walked to the auditorium and took their seats. As the professor spoke about their opinion expressing about college and how it helps in the future, she became intrigued when the idea of cosmetology as the teacher spoke. The next school year, she started cosmetology. Once she had gotten a pair of sheers in her hand and performed her first haircut, when she heard â€Å"snip, snip, snip!† she knew I was the career for her

Disaster Management Free Essays

Disaster management is the actions taken by an organization or a country in response to unexpected events that are adversely affecting the citizens or a group of people. It’s also a body where policies decisions and all-important issues require to respond and correct the effect caused by the natural disaster is carried out. What is of must important in dealing with any kind of disaster management involves health issues and policies how to manage the provision of these health facilities training peoples on how to prevent themselves from being infected by communicable diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on Disaster Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Handling cases of psychological nature and making sure that information systems dealing with health cases are reading available. The fundamental issue of dealing with water deficiency in urban area is first of all setting up emergency camps where free drinking water are offered to the residence to avoid them drinking contaminated water. Tankers should be requested to carry water to the affected in large quantities to cut the estates in the affected area. This will enable the citizens to have access to the commodity very quickly and easily. This will also prevent affected people from using contaminated water. This water should be ensures that it is clean and pure from any contamination. The pricing of this commodity should also be educated on ways of using this water purification techniques i. e. one bottle top of this water purifier usually is mixed with 20 liters of water. Another security measure of dealing with this disaster is by setting up emergency camps in the area to deal with any cases relaxed to this problem. It will also be a center point where the residents of the area will seek information on contentious issues whenever any panic on an outbreak of a disease is reported. Government should also be requested to assist in the drilling of boreholes which will enable the tankers have easier access to water as they delivery it to the residents. The boreholes will also help in dealing with emergency cases in the future. Although these points are easier to explain there are so many challenges faced in implementing them. Mobilizing the government to provide funds for financing the tankers is a fundamental issue, which requires more courage, and more people to press for this issue will help in providing free medical services and information is another bottleneck in dealing with this issue. This might also require a group of people to help convince them to provide these necessary services to the people. The government also needs to be mobilized to provide machines and equipments for drilling the boreholes. They also need to identify land where these boreholes should be constructed. Obtaining institutions to help in providing aid to the affected communities needs the help of the media coverage. This in turn realizes an individual who can satisfy the media to air the incident free of charge. Though this plan is not so hard to implement it is most likely to be faced with funds and voluntary services. This is so because the government might not act swiftly to helping the affected people. Most of the institutions also may lie back to providing free services. Free chemicals for treating water is also an issue which requires the support from the government and media houses in convincing some of the companies manufacturing such items to provide assistance to the affected people. How to cite Disaster Management, Essays Disaster Management Free Essays Disasters have been an integral part of human history right from the dawn of civilization. In the early days, individuals and communities would lead the response to disasters. However, with the emergence of globalization, urbanization, large-scale migrations of human population, the nature of disasters has increased both in magnitude and complexity. We will write a custom essay sample on Disaster Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The frequency of disaster may have remained unchanged, increasing population densities and urbanization has resulted in greater impact on human lives and property, thereby rise in vulnerabilities.Disaster is â€Å"a serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material, or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources. † A disaster is the product of a hazard such as earthquake or flood with a vulnerable situation which might include communities, cities or villages. Without vulnerability or hazard there is no disaster. A disaster occurs when hazards and vulnerability meet. Disaster Management Disaster Management† is a continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for: a)Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster; b)Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences; c)Capacity-building; d)Preparedness to deal with any disaster; e)Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster; f)Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster; g)Evacuation, rescue and relief; )Rehabilitation and reconstruction Phases in Disaster Management a)Pre – Disaster Phase: Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness. b)Response Phase: Preparedness, Search, Rescue, Medical Aid, Assessment, Relief and Temporary Rehabilitation c)Recovery Phase: Permanent Rehabilitation and Reconstruction. Disaster Management Cycle D isaster management can be defined as the body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities which pertain to the various stages of a disaster at all levels.Response is the first stage of the disaster management cycle, when a disaster has occurred or is imminent, those affected by it require a speedy response to alleviate and minimize suffering and losses. Disaster Response Disaster response activities include setting up control rooms, putting the contingency plan in action, issue warning, action for evacuation, search and rescue, taking people to safer areas, rendering medical aid to the needy . Responders also need to cope with response-generated demands such as the need for coordination, communications, ongoing situation assessment and resource mobilization during the response period, followed by provision of basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, medicines and other necessities essential to bring the life of the affected community back to a degree of normalcy. There are three phases in responding –pre, during and post disaster. Pre-disaster response activities are launched as soon as the information about an impending disaster is received. The activities like setting up control rooms, evacuation of people, etc. re intended to reduce the impact of disaster on the life and property, Response activities during disaster are meant to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met to alleviate and minimize suffering. Post disaster response tries to achieve rapid, durable and sustainable recovery. A timely response can reduce the magnitude of loss of life a nd property, For timely and adequate response, a mechanism is prerequisite, These are useful for issue of warnings, serve as guide to officials at the critical time by assisting them useful for issue of warnings, serve as guide to official at the ritical time by assisting them take immediate action. Disaster Response Mechanism Response Mechanism is influenced by the politico-socio milieu and the public administration system, India is a quasi-federal state and consequently, the responsibility are shared by both the central Government as well as the state government, though the primary responsibility in the event of a disaster is that of the concerned state government. The response to disasters in India, in most cases, had been spontaneous and supply driven.India is vulnerable to all kinds of natural disasters and manmade disasters, as the administrative units in a country are found in three layers, the response mechanism can be discussed at Centre, State and District level. Disaster Response Mechanism in India has evolved over the years. It has existed in a scattered and disjointed form; the concrete shape started taking place in mid nineties when Government of India (GOI) established National Centre for Disaster Management (NCDM) in 1995 to bring various stakeholders on one pla tform. Disaster Management Act, 2005 was a watershed.Disaster Response Mechanism is in an ancient stage in our country. Disaster Management Act, 2005, Nation Policy on Disaster Management, 2009, Disaster specific guidelines by NDMA, financial provisions through Finance and Planning Commission, Five year plans, Annual Budget makes Response, a complex phase. Disaster Response Mechanism is a multi-dimensional subject of Policy, Administration, Finance, Health Services, Medical Preparedness, Relief Logistics, Role of International agencies and NGO’s have important role to play. Policy, Administration and Finance are the most important aspects which influence all dimensions of Response Mechanism. How to cite Disaster Management, Papers

Belief Systems Analysis

Question: Provide a comparative analysis of the different belief systems, reinforcing major themes with insights gained from your research. Answer: Summary:- In this world there are different religions and beliefs. Different people of different religions have different faiths and the concept of spiritually differs not only on the basis of different philosophical aspects of different religions, but also it varies from person to person. Even in this technologically updated modern world, the religious and spiritual faith and practices are more significant in many patients life. But the health care providers like doctors, nurse, physicians or residents, the medical students may be unknown from proper implementation of this practice in healing process. In case of some critical cases where medical treatment fails; the spiritual treatment may be fruitful for the patients by providing them mental peace and optimism views to recovery. Since, illness not only affects the body but also the mind, in one word the spiritual treatment in health facility work as Hope. So it is very important for them to acquired knowledge about different spiritual treatm ent beside the medical treatment. The main aim of this paper is to discuss about the need of spirituality in health care facility and focus on the health care philosophy of two main religions of the world, - one is the Christian philosophy of healthcare and other is the Buddhist philosophy of health care and also draws a relevant comparison between these two. Introduction:- In present era of globalization there are many patients from different countries and religions under the health care facilities. Not only the patients but also the health care providers are from different belief, culture and languages. Despite of these diversities, the main aim of all the health care providers are united regarding their aims and principles toward healthcare facilities. They always try to provide the best care to their patients (McSherry, McSherry Watson, 2012). An ideal health care provider should sensitive to his/her patients needs and based on his/her own perspective he/she should facilitate the healing to the patients. Even in the modern world faith and spirituality play a significant role in health care facilities and to patients they are very important (Barker Board, 2012). Definition of faith:- According to different religion and different philosophers, faith can be defined in many ways, such as:- Keeping faith with one means the loyalty to a person or thing. Faith is a kind of belief and non-material evidence which cannot be logically proven. By faith one can confidently belief on the true and value. According to Muslim religion, faith is the body of dogma of a religion. In case of Christianity, faith is defined under the theological virtue. According to this theological virtue, a secure belief or trust on God and acceptance of Gods will is the faith of Christianity (Davies, Crisp D'Costa, 2012). The meaning of spirituality:- But since spirituality is a type of human experience, it is very difficult to define the term. Even in the same faith or believe it may be differed to different human beings depending on their psychology and moral values. Focusing on the medical dictionary it can be stated that the spiritual healing can be done with the use of spiritual practices. For example, for the improvement or recovery of ill patients prayer can be made by the health providers. Hence, it can be inferred that we cannot separate the two concepts of faith and spirituality in case of individuals cure (Nordtug, 2014). The practices of both the concepts i.e. faith and spirituality play a crucial role in the health care setting to improve the well-being of the people. According to the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare (JCHAO), while providing the medical treatment, the patients culture and beliefs should be taken under the consideration by the health providers, as patients cultural values, faith and spir ituality can affect the patients well-being (Cobb, Puchalski Rumbold, 2012). Role of spirituality in healthcare facility:- In case of health care facilities, the healing process is very important for patients well-being. The implementation of appropriate healing process can only be done when the physical, religious and spiritual needs of the patients can be meet by the health providers. There may exist non-similarity between the patient and the health service provider regarding their culture and faith, but still the patient can occasionally ask the health care providers such as doctors and nurses to pry for his or her recovery from illness as the patient is very much emotionally attached with the spiritual practices (Lange, 2012). And it is the duty of the healthcare providers to help their patients in this regard. Hence, it is necessary for the healthcare providers to know the basic essence of all religions as a part of the healing process. Most of the religions believe on the on the supreme power of God. The religions like Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and Islam focus on the final dwelling place and believe on the hell and paradise. These three major religions also believe on the three different phase of human life, like life, death and resurrection. The religions like Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Bahaism are less known in healing practice of health care facility, though they have the same values and beliefs like other famous religions (Baum, Revenson Singer, 2012). The Christian philosophy of healthcare:- The Christian philosophy believes on the spirituality or the power of just one god i.e. the Jesus Christ who is merciful and will heal every human-being from their sufferings and these sufferings generated from the sins done by the human beings. According to the Christian philosophy the sickness or illness occurs as a result of disharmony between mind and matter. A patient can be healed when he/she is drawn closer to God through experiencing the moral and spiritual changes. For healing of the patients, prayers and sacraments should be practiced in a daily basis by the health service providers. Though this practice is not completely opposite to the medical practice, but often focuses more on spirituality rather than practical medical treatment (Moss Moss, 2012). But one of the significant aspect of this philosophy is the Christian religion always respect the values of other religions and also respect the wish of patients family. That is why in the Christian health care providers alwa ys clarify to the patients family that what kind of medical or psychological treatment they are providing the patient (Juth Munthe, 2012). The Buddhism philosophy of health care:- Lord Buddha was born in northern India around 2600 years ago. The Buddhism teaches that how that human-being can overcome the sufferings of real world only by living an unmaterialistic life. There are three principles of this teaching. These are: - do good, do no harm and meditate ('Rethinking the Buddha: early Buddhist philosophy as meditative perception', 2015). According to Buddhism illness is the result of Karma or sin. That means, illness is the consequences of actions of the doings of previous life. Since health is a holistic thing act as the connector between body and minds, rather than physical cure, mental cure is more important. The recovery or healing from all sufferings can only be made through achieving the spiritual peace and free from the anxiety. But the most important aspect of this philosophy is it does not believe that healing can be made through faith or prayers and there are no restrictions on surgical procedure, blood and organ donation, autopsy etc. It highly b elieve on the practice of meditation and the medication is acceptable until it affect the state of mind (Potash, Chan Kalmanowitz, 2012). Comparison between the Christian philosophy and the Buddhism philosophy on health- care:- Comparing the spiritual treatment of healthcare under Christianity with Buddhism, it can be observed that both the religions focus on attaining the healing from suffers. In case of health care treatment, where Christians create the confidence among the patients to overcome their illness through prayers (i.e. God will heal the patients), Buddhists create this confidence through the meditation which plays a significant role in individuals curing process. The administration of medical care is the key difference between these two religions. Lord Buddha is the founder of Yoga. According to the Buddhist, a patient can be recovered from his/her undergoing suffering through achieving the self confidence and optimistic view by continuous practices of yoga or meditation. But, this yoga or meditation is not practiced under Christianity (Fortinash Holoday-Worret, 2012). Conclusion:- The spirituality in healthcare should be regarded as a special treatment for the patients and it is so significant to the patient that it should not be judged or miscalculated. The patients of different beliefs, cultures and nationalities are healed by the health care providers. The believe of the health care providers may be similar or different from the patients belief, But, the health care providers should fulfill the physical, emotional and spiritual needs of the patient. The patients should be treated with proper respect, love, dignity and compassion to recover from the sickness. Even they can bear their illness with these special qualities of love, respect, dignity and compassion. A healthcare provider should not forcefully impose his/her faith or belief on the patients, particularly at the critical position of their life. Every spiritual belief of health care facility should be enriched with love, ethics and human morals. While dealing with the patients, the healing concept sh ould be embraced by the health care providers whatever their own concept may be. A healthcare organization can only be termed as a spiritual place only these ethics and practices will generally enacted and embraced among them. References Barker, S., Board, M. (2012). Dementia care in nursing. London: Learning Matters. Baum, A., Revenson, T., Singer, J. (2012). Handbook of health psychology. New York: Psychology Press. Cobb, M., Puchalski, C., Rumbold, B. (2012). Oxford textbook of spirituality in healthcare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Davies, M., Crisp, O., D'Costa, G. (2012). Christianity and the Disciplines. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Fortinash, K., Holoday-Worret, P. (2012). Psychiatric mental health nursing. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. Juth, N., Munthe, C. (2012). The ethics of screening in health care and medicine. Dordrecht: Springer. Lange, J. (2012). The nurse's role in promoting optimal health of older adults. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. McSherry, W., McSherry, R., Watson, R. (2012). Care in nursing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Moss, B., Moss, B. (2012). Communication skills in health and social care. London: SAGE. Nordtug, B. (2014). Levinas's ethics as a basis of healthcare - challenges and dilemmas. Nursing Philosophy,16(1), 51-63. doi:10.1111/nup.12072 Potash, J., Chan, S., Kalmanowitz, D. (2012). Art Therapy in Asia. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Rethinking the Buddha: early Buddhist philosophy as meditative perception. (2015). Choice Reviews Online,52(09), 52-4719-52-4719. doi:10.5860/choice.188761

Lord Of The Flies By Golding Essays - English-language Films, Films

Lord Of The Flies By Golding In the Wiliam Golding novel Lord of the Flies children are stranded on an island with the possibility of not getting off. There is no adult supervision, no laws, no form of authority what so ever. When reading this novel, some questions come to mind about society. Questions such as what compels us to behave properly in our society? Is it a fear of the law? How can we behave in such orderly fashion most of the time and yet be capable of terrible destruction? These are some questions this essay will try to answer. A question that may stump some people is what compels us to behave properly in society? The reason may be the want or, for some the need, to fit in and be accepted in society and not to be judged. People know what is accepted and what is not in society. It may be a fear of the law because people know what the consequences for their actions will be, therefore they stay within the confines of the law. People such as Jack, from Lord of the Flies, would be seen as an outcast of society. "I thought I might kill." (p.55) This quote decribes Jacks character and personality. If someone in our society said that people would consider him crazy and not normal. Not all people are civilized and respectable in our society all the time. Sometimes when people act they don't think first which is probably why they are capable of such destruction. They don't think about the repercussions of their actions before they act. Such was the problem in chapter nine "A View to a Death" in Lord of the Flies. The boys think that Simon is the beast so they kill him not knowing who it is. Jack shouts, "Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood!" (P.167) By Jack saying this you know he is not thinking about the outcome of his actions. Another good quote that shows this is in chapter five when Ralph says, "Things are breaking up. I don't know why. We began well, we were happy." (P.89) This shows that they didn't plan for the worst. If they did plan than maybe things would be better. The situations that people are in would also affect the way people think, or if they think at all. In the situation with Simon's death the boys were too hysterical to think things through rationally. Questions such as why do we behave the way we so in society and what makes us behave orderly most of the time and yet be capable of destruction are difficult to answer. But when it comes down to it, simple things like people not thinking that makes them capable of destruction. And its peoples want for acceptance in society that makes them act the way they do. Examples of these answers are in Lord of the Flies. When it comes down to it humans are animals, and sometimes we act like our ancestors for the simple fact that we are animals.

A Reminder About Crowdfunding

A Reminder About Crowdfunding Most emails I receive from readers about finding funds, request sources of grants. Grants to pay them to write, travel, or research. Most of the time, these are first-time book creators, calling from the great sea of the unpublished. And each time I have to tell them that unless they have other skills, experience, or notoriety about the subject matter, nobody wants to issue a grant to a novice to write. Remember, the grant provider needs to sparkle from your success, and ride on your coattails. They dont just write checks for the fun of it. Then I suggest crowdfunding as an alternative. Why? 1) Crowdfunding teaches you how to promote yourself. 2) Crowdfunding teaches you how to build a platform. 3) Crowdfunding teaches you how to develop a following. 4) Crowdfunding teaches you how to budget. 5) Crowdfunding teaches you entrepreneurialship. Where can you find crowdfunding? Start here: 10 Crowdfunding Platforms for Writers    As a matter of fact, you can see a very simple crowdfunding campaign And take a look at a more complicated campaign at Kickstarter.com where Crystal Sully wants to publish The Untamed Beastiary: A Field Guide to Marvelous Monsters. She has 780 pledges with a week to go. She requested $7,535, and the pledges to date amount to $47,625. And there are every size, shape, and subject to learn from in visiting these crowdfunding sites. Look under publishing. See what makes for a successful campaign. Find fund projects to support. I adore perusing crowdfunding sites and aiding others. I might not give each one more than $10, but Ive aided a writers creative endeavor.   Its a great way to give back AND learn how to manage a campaign of your own.

Astronomers Peer Deep into Blobs in Space

Astronomers Peer Deep into Blobs in Space Out in the depths of space, theres a blob that astronomers have been anxious to explain. It wasnt immediately obvious to them why it shined as brightly as it did. The blob (and it really is a blob) is called SSA22-Lyman-alpha-blob and it lies some 11.5 billion years away from us. That means that it looks to us now as it did some 11.5 billion years ago. SSA22-LAB appears to have two giant galaxies at its heart that are bursting with star formation activity. The whole region where this object and its galaxies lies is swarming with smaller galaxies. Clearly, something is going on there, but what?   VLT and ALMA to the Rescue This rare Lyman-alpha Blob is not exactly visible to the naked eye. Thats largely due to distance, but also because the light its emitting is visible to us here on Earth in infrared wavelengths and also in radio frequencies. The name Lyman-alpha-blob tells astronomers that the object originally radiated its light in ultraviolet wavelengths. However, due to the expansion of space, the light is shifted so that its visible in infrared. Its one of the largest of these LABs to be observed. So, astronomers used the European Southern Observatorys  Very Large Telescope Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer to dissect the incoming light for study. They then combined that information with data from the Atacama Large-Millimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile. Together, these two observatories allowed astronomers to peek into the heart of the action at the distant blob in space. Deep imaging with the Hubble Space Telescopes Imaging Spectrograph and the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii also helped them refine the view of the blob. The result is an amazingly beautiful view of a blob that existed in the distant past but is still telling us its story today. Whats Happening at SSA22-LAB? It turns out that this blob is one very interesting result of galaxy interactions,  which create ever-larger galaxies. Furthermore, the two embedded galaxies are surrounded by clouds of hydrogen gas. At the same time, they are both cranking out hot young stars at a furious rate. Baby stars emit a lot of ultraviolet light, and that lights up the surrounding clouds. Its like looking at a streetlight on a foggy night - the light from the lamp scatters off the water drops in the fog and it makes a kind of foggy glow around the light. In this case, the light from the stars is scattering off the hydrogen molecules and creating the lyman-alpha blob. Why Is This Discovery so Important? Distant galaxies are extremely interesting to study. In fact, the more distant they are, the more fascinating they get. Thats because very distant galaxies are also very early galaxies. We see them as they were as they were infants. The birth and evolution of galaxies is one of the hottest areas of study in astronomy these days. Astronomers know that it proceeds as smaller galaxies merge together with larger ones. They see galaxy mergers at nearly every part of cosmic history, but the beginnings of those mergers started back 11 to 13 billion years ago. However, the details of all mergers are still being studied, and the results (such as this lovely blob) are often quite a surprise to them. If scientists can get a handle on how galaxies form through collisions and cannibalization, they can understand how these processes worked in the early universe. Whats more, from observing other, newer galaxies that have been through the same process that this LAB galaxy is experiencing, they know that it will result in a giant elliptical galaxy. Along the way, it will collide with more galaxies. Each time, the galaxy interaction will force the creation of countless hot, young massive stars.  These starburst galaxies show prodigious rates of star formation. And, as they evolve and die, they will also change their galaxy - seeding it with more elements and the seeds of future stars and planets. In a sense, looking at SSA22-Lyman-alpha-blog is like looking at the process our own galaxy might have experienced early in its formation. However, the Milky Way didnt end up as an elliptical galaxy in the heart of a cluster as this one will do. Instead, it became a spiral galaxy, home to trillions of stars and many planets. ​In the future, it will merge again, this time with the Andromeda Galaxy. And, when it does that, the combined galaxies will indeed form an elliptical. So, the study of SSA22-LAB is a very important step in understanding the origin and evolution of all galaxies.

Camera Movements Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Camera Movements - Research Paper Example Tilting is similar to panning only that it moves the camera vertically down to up or up to down. Just as is the case with panning, tilting requires the movement of the camera from a stationary point possibly a tripod. As such, the cameraperson simply changes the angling of the camera thereby changing the shots. Dolling is a camera movement that movements the entire camera either forward or backward by placing it on a dolly thereby creating a flowing effect on a shot. Trucking is like dolling only that it moves the camera from right to left or left to right instead of the in and out movement in dolling. Other types of camera movement include pedestal and rock focus all of which help create different feelings and shots that contribute to the composition of a scene.Coming home, The Wolf of Wall Street and Boyhood are some of the most successful Hollywood films. The creators of the three films employ different camera movement techniques in creating the actions in the films. Suspense is a significant feature in the three films that the creators strive to portray. They systematically achieve this by varying the camera movements as the in-depth analysis of the various scenes.Developed in 1978, Coming home is an American drama film. The plot in the film follows the development of conflict among three main character as a love triangle develops between them. The action pact plot has suspense as the developer strives to develop systematic conflicts that would sustain viewership to the conclusion of the film.

HowwastheUnited NationshapedbythefailureoftheLeagueofNations Essay

HowwastheUnited NationshapedbythefailureoftheLeagueofNations - Essay Example League of Nations was not a state, it was commonly acknowledged and established entity through the mutual consent of the countries from all over the world. The pioneer of this idea was American President Woodrow Wilson who was famously known for his 14 points gave the idea of an organization of similar magnitude that would set the world on its footings for development and progress (Hakim, 2002, 16). League of Nations was an effective entity on many accounts; however, it failed on numerous fronts and as a result made the countries feel the need of replacing it by a more effective entity. The more effective entity came into existence after the Second World War. That Entity was called United Nations Organization (Conforti, 2005, 6). Briefly put, United Nations Organisation came into existence because of the inability, weaknesses, and silence of League of Nations in many cases (Arp, 2013, 717). The real need and purpose of establishing United Nations organization can be understood by com prehending the overall structure and working of League of Nations and further looking into the areas where League of Nations failed to deliver. Based on that an analysis and observation can be drawn which would allow understanding the establishment of United Nations Organisations. ... g about immediate end to disputes, resolving them through good counsels and establishing global order that would allow overall development and progress of humanity (Johnstone, 2009, 1). Despite the similarity in agenda, the former suffered on account of its structure and weaknesses in its outer formed units. League of Nations lacked several necessary councils and bodies that are part of United Nations and now U.N stands in a much better position than the predecessor global organization. Broadly it was the political failure of League of Nations that invoked the need and realization for an entity that would be far stronger than the predecessor and would guarantee peace across the globe. Achievements of United Nations Organizations: Despite the number of minor weak links of U.N, the organization stands firm and better than its predecessor on multiple accounts. Since its inception nearly six decades ago, the entity has enabled preventing any major war outbreak that might engulf the major states in a war. The world since the establishment of United Nations has seen the complete stoppage of any nuclear attack by any other country unlike the days of League of Nations when United States of America launched a nuclear strike upon Japan’s twin cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Watson, 2010, 33). The fact that every country on the surface of earth is part of the United Nations General Assembly adds to the strength and positives of U.N as an entity. The number has been constantly increasing and it has not seen any withdrawal by any nation in the manner League of Nations did. Socioeconomic facet of U.N: United Nations Organizations has a far more comprehensive and stronger socioeconomic domain. It is a multifaceted entity that aims at eradicating poverty, literacy issues,

The film Mississippi Masala Essay Example for Free

The film Mississippi Masala Essay The film Mississippi Masala portrays the Asian’s varied and confused identity in a multiethnic together through an interracial love affair between Uganda-born Indian woman Mina (Sarita Choudhury) and an African-American man Demetrius (Denzel Washington) in the American South in 1990. The results of this union are intolerance and hostility from both communities. Nair’s film is controversial and complicates the double complications of black and white but also challenges of huge problems of national and ethnic belonging. Mina’s culture origin is Asian Indian, Ugandan by birth, and is American by migration. This interracial couple is strongly opposed by the minority of (White Americans) communities; namely Mina’s. The film addresses the characters identity politically, in the interethnic encounter. The end finds the couple forced to elope to escape the pressures and pursue a new life outside of Mississippi. Mina embraces her memory of her childhood in Uganda in the 1970’s. She feels comfortable in the black disco in Greenwood. She embraces her identity as African despite her family’s exile from Africa and migration to America. Mina, on the other hand settles in Mississippi with her family via England and works as a maid in her parents motel and belongs to the Asian Indian community in her adopted country. She is very close to her relatives and attends all the groups wedding ceremonies and other social events. Mina represents herself as the good girl, never an outcast among her Indian friends and relatives until her relationship with Demetrius is found out. Mina’s identity here becomes more complicated than her inheritance from her Indian culture. Mina is the Masala in the title; a metaphor, describing her embracing her Ugandan, African, and American roots. Director Mira Nair chose the word Masala to describe diaspora’s concern with identity and group structure. â€Å"I believed strongly that to be a Masala is to be mixed is the new world order. So many of us think one language and are forced to speak another. † Works Cited Mira Nairs Mississippi Masala. Ed. Peter X. Feng. Screening Asian Americans. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002. Dir. Mira Nair. Burbank, Calif: Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1992. First released by Mirabai Films, 1991.

Hydrogen Power as a Fuel Source Essay examples -- Alternative Fuel Oil

Hydrogen Power as a Fuel Source It is no secret that the Gulf war was fought for superiority of the vast oil reserves in the Arab regions. This point to the fact that the superpowers are experiencing a severe shortage of fuel for its un-satiated energy needs. While the advanced nations in the world are the biggest consumers of fuel, their fuel production capacities are very limited or almost non-existent. Scientists predict that the world's oil reserves will not last for long and we need to find out alternative forms of fuel for our ever growing fuel needs. In addition, the quantum of pollution that occurs by burning fossil fuels is an ever growing threat to the already fragile ecosystems of the world. It is in this scenario that the world has turned its attention to non-conventional fuels that are cheap, non-polluting and easily producible. While a variety of fuels have been considered as non-conventional alternate fuels, the potential of hydrogen as a fuel of the future is promising. In terms of usage, it is believed that the United States is the world's most fuel-consuming nation with consumption levels reaching twelve million barrels a day. The astounding part of this statistic is that two third of this fuel, that is eight million barrels are burned on the roads to power cars and trucks. Obviously, the United States is also the world's largest producer of Carbon dioxide that contributes most to the green house effect. The cost for importing so much oil a day is a...

Which is more effective in fighting crime, knowledge?

Sociologists, in an attempt to explain and point out the reasons behind delinquency, have concluded that there are connections between specific youth behaviors with the home environment, family background, the neighborhood, associations, and many other aspects that together, or separately affect the formative years of young people’s social environment. Delinquent children usually come from a background of difficult circumstances. Parental alcoholism, poverty, breakdown of family, abusive conditions in the home, death of parents during armed conflicts or drug overdose, and the HIV/AIDS scourge, and etc. are some of the various reasons that can leave children virtually orphaned.One or both parents may be physically present, but because of irresponsibility on their part (if even one of them is addicted to drugs or alcoholic), a child may grow developing certain ways and attitudes that are directly/indirectly caused by the parent/s addiction or drug-related behavior. In this case, true delinquency lies on the parents; and the children are, in a way, orphaned or unaccompanied, and without any means of subsistence which, in the first place, the parents’ fundamental responsibility to provide. Generally, and increasingly, these children are born and/or raised without a father.They are first in the line of those who are at greatest risk of falling into juvenile delinquency. Without noticing it as it is typical of any youth to be lacking in prudence, with newly embraced group, the gang, a corresponding subculture starts to assimilate them, and before long, they start to engage in activities of adult criminal groups. It is usually after being engaged in criminal activities for an extended period of time with its accompanying consequences (such as ending up in prison or rehabilitation institutions for drug addicts) that delinquents realize they are into a very dangerous zone.A large portion of all juvenile violations (between two-thirds and three-quarters) ar e perpetrated by youths who are members of certain gangs (Venkatesh, 1997). Unlike in school and their family, these have no strict rules to be followed except loyalty to the group. It gives young people esteem when they somehow feel they are the â€Å"rule† in themselves. This is the lure of gangs. It gives the promise of fulfillment to would be delinquents. Popularity, access to the powerful figures on the streets, freedom to express one’s self, as well as easy flow of money (if the gang is also involved in some illegal activities such as drug dealings, which is common in most gangs) are seemingly within grasp of anybody who just have the guts to dare (OJJDP, Mar. 2003).Children who are well taken care of by their parents and are thus adequately supervised are at less odds to be involved in criminal activities. Studies have proven that. A dysfunctional family, on the other hand, which is commonly characterized by regular conflicts, parental negligence, poor communica tion because of absorption to outside activities by parents, are always assumed to be the breeding ground for delinquents (Venkatesh, 1997).Studies on Risk versus Protective FactorsAn insightful paper prepared by Resnick describes the theoretical viewpoint that risk and protective factors are two things that may â€Å"mirror† each other. Risk factors like low academic performance increases the possibility of child or youth’s involvement in activities that may harm themselves and others while protective factors such as high academic performance increases the likelihood also of the individual committing aggression against another.These factors reside in an individual and that a disproportion of one especially the â€Å"risk factors† over the other indicates a caution or warning; the person may traverse in a direction which may foster a tendency to exhibit aggression or violent behavior. In the study, identifying these balance or imbalance within individuals may he lp reduce the occurrence of school violence by early detection of symptoms thus, interventions may be employed coming from various strategic points like the home, and the school and the community (Resnick, 2004).According to the Laub (1998), the home and the school are milieus that importantly direct the development of aggression or violence. Aggression at home significantly reflects what may eventually occur as aggression or violence in school, though not always. Male students attack peers or other male students. In addition, teachers are hurt either by verbal abuse, physical injury or threats of aggression. Fights that commonly occur in the campuses relate to â€Å"possession of toys, equipment and/or territory, about retaliation, & rules of games† (Laub, 1998).Nature of Violence or Aggressionâ€Å"From very early, the oxygen of the criminal's life is to seek excitement by doing the forbidden.†-S.SamenowA radical turn from the contemporary to classical rationalizatio ns on violent behavior equivalent to possessing a criminal mind, Stanton Samenow offered a quite â€Å"sweeping† point of view based on what he calls â€Å"errors of thinking.† Whereas years spent in studying and treating adolescence clinical disorders, he had leaned upon the understanding that adolescents, criminal behavior and/or violence in general have social determinants as a major factor, this change of mind was brought about by a collaborative work with another practitioner Dr. Yochelson (Genre,http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/samenow.htm).An elevated fear on the occurrence of violence in school is expectedly high not only because of what happened in Virginia Tech recently; this is because other forms of aggression or violent acts committed by students have not changed instead, increased in number among campuses today. In an excellent study by Jaana, the author specifically isolated these acts as becoming the source of fear for the average students to e xperience anytime during their school lives.The study reveals that suburban schools are also profiled as becoming unsafe these days. These violent activities can be in the form of physical attack for no apparent reason or provocation, fights without using any weapon, pilfering, breaking and entering school property, and vandalism. In addition, victimization occurs, in the manner of students stealing property of another (e.g., books etc.), being threatened because of racial or cultural difference, bullying, and threats of injury to teachers and not only to students among others (Jaana, 2001 in http://www.ncdjjdp.org/cpsv/Acrobatfiles/statistics_2008.pdf).Reference:Genre, C.T. 2007. â€Å"Stanton Samenow:The Criminalpersonality). Retrieved May 6, 2008Laub, J.H., & Lauritsen, J.L. (1998). The Interdependence of School Violence with    Neighborhood and Family Conditions. In D.S. Elliott, B. Hamburg, & K.R.   Ã‚   Williams (Editors), Violence in American Schools: A New Perspective, (pp. 127-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   155). New York, NY:Cambridge University Press. Retrieved May 6, 2008from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Center for the Study and Prevention of ViolenceJaana, 2001 in Selected School and Youth violence   Ã‚  Ã‚   statistics. Department of Juvenile Justice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and Delinquency Prevention (DJJDP).Retrieved May 6, 2008.   http://www.ncdjjdp.org/cpsv/Acrobatfiles/statistics_2007.pdfVenkatesh, S. ‘The social organization of street gang activity in an urban ghetto,’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Sociology, vol. 103, No. 1, July 1997, pp. 82-111.Yochelson, Samuel & Stanton Samenow. The Criminal Personality. N.Y.: Jason Aronsen,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1976,    1977, 1986._____Accessed Retrieved May 6, 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   _______ 2007. Selected School and Youth violence    statistics. Department of Juvenile Justice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Delinquency Prevention (DJJDP). Retrieved May 6, 2008  Ã‚   http://www.ncdjjdp.org/cpsv/Acrobatfiles/statistics_2007.pdf_______OJJDP, Mar. 2003. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention is a    component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of   Ã‚  Ã‚   Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, and the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Office for Victims of Crime. Retrieved May 6, 2008.

The Determinant of Economics Growth in the Emerging Markets

MSc BUSINESS ECONOMIC AND FINANCE Title of Project The determinant of economic growth in emerging markets: A case study of China. Tarik TOUAT Student ID: 10034757 August 2011 Project Supervisor: Dr. Helen Solomon. Abstract China has enjoyed a very rapid economic growth over the past decades. The impressive growth was driven by several factors. This study aims to determine those factors which contributed to unprecedented economic growth of China and show the relationship with the economic growth by an empirically investigation.The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is applied in order to estimate a growth model using a time series data from 1984 to 2009. The results shows that trade openness, government size and inflation have a significant effect on economic growth. On the other hand, foreign direct investments, the level of human capital and return on investment have minor impact on economic growth in China. The relationship is established though the vector error correction model ( VECM), the finding is that trade openness, government size and inflation had a positive impact on gross domestic product of China in the long-run. Similar essay: Why Nations Fail Summary Chapter 5Word account: 13. 112 words. Acknowledgements Allow me to pay tribute to my supervisor, Dr. Solomon for kindly supervising this study and giving her time and her knowledge to the success of this project. I take this opportunity to thanks my elder brother Arezki TOUAT who was a model of success and constant source of motivation; I’m here to express my sincere gratitude and I wish him all the best for his wedding day. Dedication I dedicated this work to my parents Mouloud and Saliha TOUAT, who have contributed in an extraordinary way to my studies.To my younger sister Louiza TOUAT who is very special for me. Table of Contents 1INTRODUCTION6 1. 1Main objective7 1. 2Organization of the study7 2OVERVIEW OF THE CHINESE ECONOMY8 2. 1Geopolitical characteristics of China9 2. 1. 1Population9 2. 2Economic reforms in China10 3REVIEW OF LITERATURE12 3. 1Growth models12 3. 1. 1Basic Economic Growth Model12 3. 1. 2The Harrod-Domar model13 3. 1. 3Exogenous growth Solow model14 3. 1. 4The augmented Solow-MRW15 3. 1. 5The growth accounting model16 3. 2The determinants of growth17 3. 2. 1Foreign direct investment17 3. 2. Trade Openness19 3. 2. 3Human capital20 3. 2. 4Government size21 3. 2. 5Inflation22 3. 2. 6Infrastructure23 3. 2. 7Return on investment (Portfolio investment)24 4DATA AND METHODOLOGY25 4. 1Presentation of the data and statistical analysis25 4. 2Description of the variable26 4. 2. 1GDP per Capita26 4. 2. 2Foreign Direct Investment Net Inflows (% of GDP)27 4. 2. 3Trade openness28 4. 2. 4School enrolment, tertiary29 4. 2. 5General government final consumption expenditure30 4. 2. 6Inflation31 4. 2. 7Portfolio investment, bonds32 4. 2. 8Electric power consumption33 4. Descriptive Statistics34 4. 4Methodology35 4. 4. 1Estimation of the general model35 4. 4. 2The hypothesized relationships between GDP and its determinant36 5MODEL ESTIMATION AND FINDING37 5. 1Testing For Stationary using the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test37 5. 1. 1Results of the stationarity test. 39 5. 2Estimation of a Short-Run Growth Model for China41 5. 3Results of Robustness Tests44 5. 3. 1Testing for autocorrelation:44 5. 3. 2Testing for hetereoskedasticity:45 5. 3. 3Testing for non-linear functional form46 5. 4Estimating a long-run growth model for China47 5. 4. Testing for Co-integration: Engle-Granger Approach47 5. 4. 2Results using Engle and Granger Approach49 5. 4. 3Result of Johansen co-integration test. 52 5. 4. 4Vector correction model:55 6CONCLUSION59 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES Table 1: Literature review on foreign direct investment. 18 Table 2: Literature review on inflation. 22 Table 3: Literature review on return on investment24 Table 4: Descriptive statistic. 34 Table 5: ADF Test Statistics in levels39 Table 6: ADF Test Statistics in 1st difference40 Table 7: Estimation of the general growth model by OLS41Table 8: Estimation of the parsimonious model43 Table 9: Summary of the results from test for auto correlation44 Table 10: Summary of the results from test for hetereoskedasticity45 Table 11: Summary of the results from test for non-linear functional form46 Table 12: Testing the residuals from stationarity. 49 Table 13: Estimation of the Error Correction model 549 Table 14: Selecting the Appropriate Lag Length52 Table 15: Determining the number of co-integration vector with the Trace test53 Table 16: Determining the number of co-integration vector with the Maximum Eigenvalue test53Table 17: Unrestricted Johansen54 Table 18: Vector Error Correction Estimates56 FIGURES Figure 1: China nominal GDP per capita26 Figure 2: China- Foreign direct investment27 Figure 3: China -Trade openness. 28 Figure 4:China- School enrolment, tertiary29 Figure 5: China government final consumption expenditure. 30 Figure 6: Inflation in China31 Figure 7: Portfolio investment32 Figure 8: Infrastructure33 Figure 9: Graphs for stationarity in level. 62 Figure 10: Graphs for stationarity in first difference . 63 LIST OF ACCRONYMS GDP: Gross Domestic Product.GNP: Gross National Product. FDI: Foreign Direct Investment. ROI: Return On Investment. BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India and China. WTO: World trade Organization. OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development US$: United State Dollar CIA : Central Intelligence Agency ADF: Augmented Dickey-Fuller. OLS: Ordinary Least Square. VAR: Vector Autoregression Model VECM: Vector Error Correction Model. NLLS: Non-linear least squares AR: Auto Regressive Models H0: Null hypothesis H1: The alternative hypothesis I (0): Integrated of order 0 (stationary).I (1): Integrated of order 1 (stationary). TFP: Total Factor Productivity. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In last decades, we have seen new economic power emerge from low level economic development to relatively high level of economic growth. Among these emerging economies are Brazil, Russia, India and China (the BRIC). Over the past two decades, developing countries have posted high rates of e conomic growth. This has transformed them into emerging economies. There are many factors that acted as determinants of this high GDP growth rate of the erstwhile slow growing developing countries.Chinese economy is the largest of the emerging economies. Actually, China passed Japan and become the second largest economy in the world after United States of America. Subhash Chandra Jain (2006) defines emerging economy as nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. Based on data from Dow Jones classification (2010) there are around 35 emerging markets in the world with the economies of China and India considered to be the largest. China is leading the pack of emerging economies. Their economic growth has been propelled by many factors.The economic importance of China and its continued success in posting high economic growth rates makes it an ideal case for studying the determinants of economic growth in emerging economies. China has al l the characteristics of an emerging economy. It faces the many challenges that all the emerging economies continuously face and which act as the biggest barriers to their economic growth. It is in this spirit we have undertaken this study to determine whether there is evidence of relationship between some factors and economic growth in china.This dissertation presents the knowledge gap to be filled, research questions and objectives alongside the hypotheses of the study. Furthermore, it also shows to what extend the study is relevant for China, highlights the scope and the organization of the study. More specifically, the study aims to: – Review the literature on the theoretical foundation of growth: examining the different model of economic growth. – Review and describing some previous studies on some determinants and the relationship with economic growth. Main objectiveThe key objective of the research is to assess the impact of different factors that contributed to the unprecedented economic growth of China over the past few decades and determine whether those factors can be viewed as a determinant of economic growth. Organization of the study This study is organized as follows: Chapter two will give an overview of the Chinese economic and list of the major waves of reforms. The third chapter will be in two sections, the first section deals with the definition of growth and provides a review of the growth theories by illustrating patterns of some leading economists on the issue of growth.Among the models studied, we have those Harrod-Domar, Solow, and Mankin. The second section of chapter tree deals with selected reviews on some indicators that have likely slowed or promoted growth. In chapter four presents the data and describes the method of analysis adopted to estimate the determinants of growth in China. The presentation and interpretation of the results are presented in Chapter five. This is followed by Chapter six, the conclusion. CHAPT ER 2 OVERVIEW OF THE CHINESE ECONOMY According to central Intelligence agency (CIA), China is the second largest economy after the United States.The country has experienced a particularly strong economic growth since the 1980s. However, the population remains relatively poor: in purchasing power parity, an estimated per capita GDP IN 2010 TO 7,400 $ per capita. Led by the Communist Party since 1949, China has led since the late 1970s the power to call a â€Å"socialist market economy†. The public sector continues to hold an important place in economic life but private companies are playing an increasing role and the country is highly integrated into the global economic system. Since 2001, China is a member of the World Trade Organization.While agriculture still occupies much of the labor force (in 2010, 39. 5% of Chinese labor), it contributed only 9. 6% of GDP in 2010. Industry, however, takes a prominent place, employing about 27% of the working population and is the area's most prolific in China with a production of almost half of national GDP, According to the state administration of foreign exchanges, nearly 47% of GDP come from a huge surplus caused by industrial exports. This has allowed the country to build up foreign exchange reserves that reached approximately 2,450 officially billion in June 2010.According to some analysts, China will by 2020 be the second largest industrial and commercial in the world, just behind the United States, ahead of Japan and the richest states in Europe. Geopolitical characteristics of China China is located in eastern Asia, west of the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea. The country is bordered by fourteen other nations. With a total area of about 9,596,960 square kilometers (3,705,407 square miles), the country is slightly smaller than the United States. China is administratively divided into twenty-three provinces, five autonomous (self-governing) regions, and four municipalities.Populati on Since the proclamation of the People's Republic, the country experienced three censuses of population and there were 582. 6 million people in 1953, 1 billion in 1982 and 1. 14 billion in 1990. According to China demographics web site (2001), in 2005, estimated population is 1. 31 billion people (about 21 % of the world population). Since the early 1970s, the Chinese authorities launched a policy of birth control, with the aim of stabilizing the population at 1. 2 billion people in 2000. Since the 1982 census, the rate of population growth has decreased dramatically.The Chinese population reached in July 2011, 1. 4 Billion. According to China's official statistics, the rate of growth increase of about 2 to 3% per year during the first phase of demographic transition (2. 6% in 1969), fell to 1. 1% per year between 1990 and 1995. It is estimated at 1. 02% for 1995-2000 and 0. 7% for the period 2002-2020. The birth rate fell from 45% o in 1953 to 21% o in 1990, reaching 13. 10% o in 2005. At the same time, the mortality rate was reduced from 22. 5% to 6. 90%. This low mortality is due to the current youth population. In 2005, 25. % of China's populations were under 15 years, 67. 6% between 15 and 65 and 7. 6% (2005), alone, more than 65 years. The male population is 51. 50%. Economic reforms in China The economic reform called â€Å"Socialism with Chinese characteristics† started in 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China led by Deng Xiaoping. 1978-1984 The reform has started with the improvement of the micro-economic management (agriculture and urban industry), these reforms were implanted by Deng Xiaoping. The main objective was to encourage farmers, business leaders and employees to increase economic productivity.Effective action has been taken, by allowing farmers to keep the land's output after paying a share to the state. This move increased agricultural production, increased the living standards of hundreds of millions of farmers (B randt 2008). In rural areas, the system of collective ownership has been replaced by the household responsibility. In cities, the main objective of the reform was to increase the autonomy of enterprises. To this end, a number of experiments to improve the management system were conducted. Some of them, after the initial demonstration of their success, have extended to the whole country.The creation of joint enterprises with foreign capital is now possible. Deng Xiaoping launched the reform of the so-called â€Å"open door†, opening China to the outside. Foreign investment is now desired, and their home is concentrated to a set of areas open to foreign trade. Five special economic zones are for foreign companies from 1979 (including the cities of Guangzhou and Shanghai as well as the zone of Shenzhen, near Hong Kong), and free zones. These special economic zones were experimental laboratories for China, allowing it to gradually open up to foreign trade techniques. 1984-1991The key point of the second period was the decentralization of state control also impended by Deng Xiaoping, leaving local provincial leaders to experiment with ways to increase economic growth and privatize the state sector (Brandt 2008). The reform has created favorable conditions for enterprise with a partial autonomy of management, which had the effect of creating a supply and demand of resources of goods and services. That have achieved positive results such as foreign trade and the financing system were introduced to create favorable conditions for enterprise reform. 1993- 2005After the death of Deng Xiaoping in 1997, the radical reforms were continued by the Prime Minister Zhu Ronji who came to power in 1998. He had a goal to integrate his country in the World trade Organization (WTO), hence the importance that preceded the entry into WTO. Zhu Ronji has introduced a new program, including the reform of state enterprises, privatization of public housing, the legitimation and expa nsion of the private sector, reform of relations with foreign investors, reducing by half the bureaucracy, the acceleration of the fight against corruption and the creation of a viable unemployment insurance scheme and pension.The reform of state enterprises is central to these policies whose characteristic is to be highly interdependent. Indeed, the Chinese government has helped them to escape their social welfare function, to observe the principles of the market, to increase the competitiveness by upgrading their management system After accession to the WTO, China has continued this wave of reforms to modernize its economy and metamorphosed with the rules of the WTO. CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Growth models Explanatory theories of growth are relatively recent in the history of economic thought.These theories have led to highlight the role of technical progress in growth. In the long run, only the technical progress leads to a more productive economy. However, each of these gro wth theories have weaknesses because they are able to fully explain the determinants of growth in any given economy. With this in mind that many economists have given their vision of growth. Basic Economic Growth Model The main factors of production under a basic economic growth model are the stock of capital and labor force. The output is a function of capital and labor. At national level, an aggregate production function can be represented by the formula:Y=F(K,L)†¦. (1) Where Y is output, K is capital and L is labor. Increased production (Y) depends on the increase in capital stock (K) through investment and depreciation, and increased labor supply (L) by the population growth. The amount of capital investment depends on savings and is calculated by multiplying the average savings rate in a country by domestic production. Labor supply is based on demographics. The Harrod-Domar model The Harrod-Domar model is the first formal economic model of growth. This model has opened the way for modern models of growth, particularly in the Solow model.The Harrod-Domar model is intended to extend over a long period of Keynes' General Theory, which covered only the short term. As the General Theory, the Harrod-Domar model aims to highlight the unstable nature of economic growth and the need for state intervention. In the Harrod-Domar model, there is no guarantee that an economy is on a stable growth path. This model was presented by Roy Forbes Harrod (1939) in the book â€Å"Toward a dynamic economics† and Evsey Domar in 1947 in an article entitled â€Å"Expansion and Employment† published in American Economic Review.The model focuses on two critical aspects of the growth process: saving and the efficiency with which capital is used in investment. This model can provide accurate short term predictions of growth and has been used extensively in developing countries to determine the â€Å"required† investment rate or â€Å"financing gap† to be covered in order to achieve a target growth rate. The Harrod-Domar model is simple with relatively small data requirements and the equation is easy to use. However, the model only remains in equilibrium with full employment of both labor force and capital tock causing inaccurate longer term economic predictions and fails to account for technological change and productivity gains considered essential for long-term growth and development. The equation in the Harrod-Domar model is: Y = K/v (2) Where v is a constant found by dividing capital (K) by investment (Y), v is the capital-output ratio. This ratio is primarily a measure of the productivity of capital or investment. Exogenous growth Solow model The Solow model is one of the main models of the theory of economic growth.Developed by Robert Solow (1956), it is a model of neoclassical economics. The model is based on a production function with two factors: labor and capital. Production thus results solely from the combination of s etting a certain amount of capital (means of production) and work (labor). The Solow model is based on the assumption that production function with the property of diminishing returns where each additional increment in capital per worker results in less output. It is also assumed that the factors of production are used effectively by all countries.By assuming that the population has a growth rate that Solow called â€Å"natural† (not influenced by the economy), the model derived three predictions: 1. Increase the amount of capital (i. e. investing) increases growth: with more capital, labor productivity increases (Called apparent). 2. Poor countries have a growth rate higher than rich countries. Indeed, they have accumulated less capital, and therefore they knew of diminishing returns lower. 3. Due to diminishing returns of inputs, economies will reach a point where any increase in factors of production no longer results in increased production. This corresponds to the steady state.Solow noted, however, that this third prediction is unrealistic: in fact, the savings never reach this stage because of technical progress which increases the productivity of factors. In other words, long-term growth comes from technological progress. However, this technological progress is exogenous to the model. The model implies â€Å"that the growth of income per capita cannot be sustained without continued technological progress. Whereas, Harrod-Domar model have identified capital accumulation as major source of development. Clearly the difference stems from different assumptions of the production function.In the Solow model, over time poor and rich countries incomes should converge. The Solow growth model takes the rate of saving; population growth and technological e. g, improved machinery, computers etc progresses are exogenous. There are two inputs capital and labor, which are paid their marginal products. By assuming a Cobb-Douglas production functional which is ge nerally used to represent the relationship of an output to inputs, the model is as follow: Y (t) = K (t) ? [A(t)L(t)] 1- ? (3) 0 < ? < 1 Y is output, K is capital, L is labor, and A is a parameter which might influence growth.The augmented Solow-MRW This model was introduced by Mankiw et al (1992), in their article â€Å"A Contribution to the Empiric of Economic Growth†, Mankiw, Romer, and Weil (1992), have augmented the standard Solow model by adding Human capital to the production function. Therefore, the inputs of the model would include a function of stocks of capital, labour, human capital and productivity. According to Cobb-Douglas production function in (4), production at time t in country i is given by Yi (t) = Ki (t) ? Hi (t) ? [Ai (t)Li (t)] 1- ? – ? (4) Where ? , ? ? [O,1] ? + ? ? [O,1],and t denotes time.This implies that the production function exhibits constant returns to scale in its three factors: physical capital (K), human capital (H), and productivit y-augmented labor (AL). Specifically, it is a Cobb-Douglas production function. All markets (both input and output markets) are assumed to be perfectly competitive. All firms are assumed to be identical. The economy can then be described by a representative agent. The growth accounting model The theoretical framework of the Solow growth model describes the sources of economic growth, and the consequences for long-run growth of changes in the economic environment and in economic policy.However, some economists have built up an alternative framework which examines economic growth in freer framework without necessarily being bound to adopt in advance the conclusions of our economic theories. This framework is called growth accounting which gives us a different perspective on the sources of economic growth. The model starts wilt a production function which shows that output Y is as a some particular time t as a function of the economy’s stock of capital Kt, its labour force Lt, a nd the economy’s total factor productivity At. The Cobb-Douglas form of the production function is: Y = F (A, K, L) (5)Since A captures not only efficiency gains but also the net effect of errors and omissions from economic data, the residual A is sometimes referred to as a measure of our ignorance about the growth process. The determinants of growth To study the impact of determinants on economic growth in China, it is necessary to present the theoretical foundations underlying the role of each determinant is expected to play in an economy, especially in the early stages of growth. We can distinguish several types of determinants for growth: natural resources, external environment, population, innovation, investment, knowledge, consistency of development.In this section, we will see a wide range of studies done to investigate the relationship between the different determinant and growth. Foreign direct investment According to the IMF and OECD definitions, direct investment r eflects the aim of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity of one economy (direct investor) in an enterprise that is resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). The â€Å"lasting interest† implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the latter.Direct investment involves both the initial transaction establishing the relationship between the investor and the enterprise and all subsequent capital transactions between them and among affiliated enterprises, both incorporated and unincorporated. It should be noted that capital transactions which do not give rise to any settlement, e. g. an interchange of shares. FDI is expected to increase employment, enhancing labor productivity, exports, lowers rental rate of capital and thus be a source of growth and productivity gains.It is also a vehicle for technology transfer, which i s crucial for take-off and recovery pathways to production to more high-tech. In contrast, it can also discourage competition and even corrupt the development path of a country. Numerous empirical studies have analyzed the impact of FDI on economic growth with divergent results. While some studies argue that FDI has a positive effects on economic growth in host countries, others against thinking that FDI is not a necessary condition or sufficient for growth. The following table provides some empirical studies on the impact of FDI on economic growth.Attention will be drawn to the latest studies. Table 1: Literature review on foreign direct investment Author| Sample Size andTime Period| EconometricMethod and Tests| Empirical Evidences| Basu & Guariglia(2007). | 119 developingcountries1970 – 1999. | GeneralizedMethods ofMoments (GMM)| FDI enhances both educational inequalities and economic growth in developing countries. However, itreduces the share of agriculture sector in GDP. | Johnson(2006). | 90 developed anddevelopingcountries1980 – 2002. | OLS regression| FDI inflows accelerate economic growth in developing countries. But it is not valid for developed countries. Hyun(2006). | 59 developingcountries1984 – 1995. | OLS regression| FDI has positive effect on economic growth but lagged FDI values have no positive effects on current economic growth. | Durham(2004). | 80 countries1979 – 1998. | Extreme BoundAnalysis(SensitivityAnalysis)| There is no direct positive effect of current and lagged values of FDI and portfolio investment on economicgrowth. | Carkovic & Levine(2002). | 72 developed anddevelopingcountries1960 – 1995. | OLS regression and GMM| FDI alone has no statistically significant affect on economic growth. | Obwona(2001)| Uganda1975 – 1991. 2 Stage LeastSquares| FDI has a positive effect on economic growth in Uganda. | Berthelemy & Demurger(2000). | 24 Chineseprovinces1985 – 1996. | GMM| FDI plays an important role in the economic growth of Chinese provinces. | Source: Endogenous Determination of FDI Growth and Economic Growth: The OECD Case (2008). The latest empirical literature has provided more-or-less consistent findings affirming a significant positive link between FDI and GDP. Trade Openness Another major determinant of growth is trades openness; it has been used in the empirical literature to investigate the relationship between openness and growth.First, the most basic measure of openness is the simple trade shares, which is exports plus imports divided by GDP. A large number of studies used trade shares in GDP and have provided that open economies increased their GDP faster than closed economies. This has led to the conclusion that trade openness has a positive relationship with Growth as reviewed in Dollar (1992), Sachs and Warner (1995), Edwards, (1998), Dollar and Kraay (2000). On the other hand, Levine and Renelt (1992); Rodriguez and Rodrik (1999); Vamvakidis (200 2) have criticized the robustness of these findings especially on methodological and measurement grounds.Openness affects economic growth through several channels such as exploitation of comparative advantage, technology transfer and diffusion of knowledge, increasing scale economies and exposure to competition. However, a recent study from Halit Yanikkaya (2002) in his paper â€Å"Trade openness and economic growth a cross-country empirical investigation†, have investigates the relationship between a wide variety of trade openness measures and growth. He used two types of openness measures. The first group was various measures of trade volumes (except population densities).Trade shares, export shares, and import shares in GDP were found to be significantly and positively correlated with growth. Another key finding in his study was that the growth effects of trade with developed countries are not considerably different from trade with developing countries. Furthermore, popula tion densities also positively affect growth through increasing trade volumes. Hence, the regression results for trade volumes provide substantial support for the hypothesis that trade promotes growth through channels such as technology transfers, scale economies. Human capitalThe role of Human capital for economic growth has been well documented in the economic literature which has long recognized that the quality of labor factor plays an essential role in the growth process. Indeed, the classical economist Adam Smith has highlighted the importance of the quality of the workforce in the competitiveness and economic growth in the long term. Adam Smith (1776) also showed that the wealth of individuals and nations depends on the skills levels of workers. The specialization of labor implies that there are different types of tasks that each individual does what he is alcified. The notion of â€Å"division of labor† also highlights the growth potential of the product linked to the improvement of the organization or production method. This improvement is made possible by dynamic entrepreneurs and skilled workers and the ability or qualification to perform specific tasks. The major recent contributions to the empirical, show that the growth of human capital was an important component of economic growth, therefore, it had a legitimate place in the aggregate production function Solow (1956) et Swan (1956), Mankiw, Romer & Weil(1 992).Furthermore, a large number of other studies have found evidence suggesting that educated population is key determinant of economic growth (see Barro, 1991; Mankiw et al, 1992; Barro and Sala-i-Marin, 1995; Brunetti et al, 1998, Hanushek and Kimko, 2000). Government size The size of the government can affect the economic growth through many channels, such as expenditure, the efficiency of resource allocation, taxation and the budget balance on several economic issues.The recent economic literature seems to point a negative relation ship between government size (General government final consumption expenditure) and economic growth (Guseh, 1997; Dalagamas, 2000). In the empirical study of Yesim (2005), relatively small sizes of government are detrimental to economic growth, while medium sized government affects it positively. According to Barro (1991), government size may have a negative impact on economic growth due to government inefficiencies, excess burden of taxation and distortion of the incentives systems.However, according to Ghali (1998), it may also have positive effects on growth due to beneficial externalities such as the development of a legal, administrative and economic infrastructure and interventions to offset market failures. Inflation Mankiw (2002) defined inflation as â€Å"a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time†. Inflation reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation r ate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the Consumer Price Index) over time.A number of empirical studies have been devoted to the link between economic growth and inflation. These studies have objective to determine the empirical relationship between growth and inflation, the following table provide some empirical studies on the impact of Inflation on economic growth. Attention will be drawn to the latest studies. Table 2: Literature review on inflation Author| Sample Size andTime Period| EconometricMethod and Tests| Empirical Evidences| Khan & Senhadji (2001). | 140 developed anddeveloping countriesduring the period 1960-98. Non-linear least squares (NLLS). | Inflation has a negative effect on growth. The threshold is lower for industrialized countries than it is for developing countries. | Atish & Phillips (1998). | 145 countries during the period 1960-96. | Multivariate regression analysis. | Negative relationshipbetween inflation and growth that is statistically significant. | Michael Sarel (1995)| 87 countries, during the period 1970 – 90. | OLS regression| A specific numerical target for policy: keep inflation below the structural break. | Joao Ricardo Faria and Francisco Galrao Carneiro (2001). Monthly inflation rateof Brazil and real output for the period 1980 -95. | The Blanchard and Quay (1989) decomposition. | The results indicated that in the short-run, there is a negative impact of inflation on output. | Robert J. Barro (1995). | 100 countries from 1960 to 1990| Based on an extended view of the neoclassical growth model. | The impact effects from an increase in average inflation by 10 percentage pointsper year are a reduction of the growth rate of real per capita GDP by 0. 2-0. 3% points per year. | Ghosh and phillips(1998). | 145 countries, over the 1960-96 period. Panel regression. | At very low ratesof inflation (around 2 -3 percent a year or lower), inflation and growth arepositively correlated. | From the table 2, we can conclude that most of the findings of the empirical studies have provided an evidence of a negative relationship between inflation and growth. However, Tobin (1972) suggests that inflation can have a positive relationship to economic growth. This is because inflation can cause individuals to substitute out of money and into interest earning assets, which leads to greater capital intensity and promotes economic growth.In other words, an increase in inflation can result in higher output; this effect is known as the Tobin effect. Infrastructure In a broad sense, the concept of infrastructure services closely associated with roads, highways, railways, ports and airports, telecommunications networks, the national distribution networks of gas, electricity and water, i. e. all investments that develop and facilitate the movement of people, goods and production (Barro, 1990). A large empirical literature to examine the effects of public infrastructure on the growth of na tions but also on local growth, especially scale of American States.Beyond the pioneering work of Ratner (1983) on the productive infrastructure, has been the work of Ashauer (1989) which showed a positive effect of public capital on output or productivity companies. Although recently confirmed by Munnell (1990), this proposal continues to generate various methodological criticisms mainly because many economists believe that the marginal productivity of infrastructure implied by the estimates is excessively high. Return on investment (Portfolio investment)The definition of portfolio investment is the acquisition of financial assets (which includes stock, bonds, deposits, and currencies) from one country in another country. In contrast to foreign direct investment, which is the acquisition of controlling interest in foreign firms and businesses, portfolio investment is foreign investment into the stock markets. Most economists consider foreign direct investment more useful than portf olio investment since this last one is generally regarded as temporal and can leave the foreign country at the first sign of troubleThe table below shows some empirical studies on the impact of portfolio investment on Economic Growth in Developing and Developed Economies and their findings. Table 3: Literature review on return on investment Author| Sample Size andTime Period| Empirical Evidences| Butkiewicz and Yanikkaya (2008). | 114 developed and developing countries over the period going from 1970 to 1997. | The study reveals that the countries which receive important volumes of direct investment flowing and portfolio investment will carry out a rapid growth. | Rodrik (1998) and Klein and Olivei (2008). 100 developed and developing countries 1975-89 and 1986-95. | The study reveals that country which does not impose a restriction on capital flows is lucky more to carry out a rapid growth than that closed. | Chambet and Gibson (2008). | 25 emerging markets from 1995 to 2004. | Por tfolio equity flows have positive effects on output growth. | The literature contains a large number of variables, other than the variables we have listed in this chapter, which might have a significant impact on economic growth. CHAPTER 4 DATA AND METHODOLOGYPresentation of the data and statistical analysis Measuring the impact of several aggregates on economic growth in China will be done using an econometric model estimated in the section methodology. It will also test the veracity of the assumptions made in the literature review. The general idea is that from the data on the various activities in China over a short and a long period, it is highlighted, through statistical and econometric techniques the relationship between economic performances achieved in the last decades and performance the overall economy in China.Before evaluating the regression results, the the variables will be used in the econometric model to determine the sources of economic growth in China will be expla ined. The variable used to measure economic performance is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. GDP per capita it represents all the wealth created in an economy during a year. It gives the best measure of activity level. Therefore, the dependent variables used in the model is GDP per capita (current US $). There are seven independent variables used in the model: * Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP). * Trade openness (% of GDP). School enrollment, tertiary (% gross). * General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP). * Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %). * Portfolio investment, bonds (PPG + PNG) (NFL, current US$). The data used for this study is annual data from 1984 to 2009 and was obtained from the World Bank. This relatively long period has the advantage of lending itself to a range of econometric tests yielding robust results. It also allows us to show the effects of new reforms to the Chinese economy that have introduced a new management system t o help increase the productivity in the 80’s.The raw data table is presented in Annex 1 and the Log form in Annex 2, more detailed description of these data will be done in the next section 4. 2. Description of the variable The explanatory variables were selected from theory outlined in literature review. We grouped the variables that are likely to have a material effect on the endogenous variable. GDP per Capita: The World Bank national accounts data (2011)† define the gross domestic product as the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products†.GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Figure 1: China nominal GDP per capita Since the introduction of the economic reforms, the GDP has experienced significant growth since the 1980s, it has hit a record almost USD 4000 Trillion in the year 2009, providing further evidence of the growth potential of the Chinese market. This growth continued despite the many attempts by the central government to cool down the economy after pressure from the international community.Foreign Direct Investment Net Inflows (% of GDP) According to the World Bank, â€Å"foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments† Figure 2: China- Foreign direct investment The Foreign direct investment; net inflows (% of GDP) in China was reported at 3. 42 in 2008.This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided by GDP. China's economy is the second largest in the world after that of the United States. Trade openness 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Figure 3: China -Trade openness. As can be seen in the graph, the trade openness in China is more open than it was 20 years ago, and that was due to the economic openness which increases in trade (as part of the reforms). The trade openness (% of GDP) in China was reported at 59. 0 in 2008, according to the World Bank† Merchandise trade as a share of GDP is the sum of merchandise exports and imports divided by the value of GDP, all in current U. S. dollars. China's economy is the second largest in the world after that of the United States†. School enrolment, tertiary 0 5 10 15 20 25 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Figure 4: China- School enrolment, tertiary The school enrolment, tertiary, have known an import increase since the reform, Between 1996 and 2009, enrollment in higher education increased from approximate 5% to almost 25% of GDP per capita.Chinese universities form more and more engineers and scientists each year. This shows that China is on the road to a knowledge-based economy. The Gross enrolment ratio is the ratio of total enrolment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level. General government final consumption expenditure 13. 0 13. 5 14. 0 14. 5 15. 0 15. 5 16. 0 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 8 00 02 04 06 08 Figure 5: China government final consumption expenditure. The General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) in China was reported at 13. 5 % in 2007, it has hit almost 16% in the year 2001. According to the World Bank. General government final consumption expenditure (formerly general government consumption) includes all government current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It also includes most expenditure on national defense and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation.Inflation Inflation rate refers to a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power. The most well known measures of Inflation are the CPI which measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation in the whole of the domestic economy. -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Figure 6: Inflation in China China’s average inflation rate of 2% over the past ten years has been unusually low for a developing country   The inflation rate in China was last reported at 5. 5 % in 2011 and its highest historical rate of 22% in 1994 and a low record of -2. 0 % in 1999. Portfolio investment, bonds -3,000,000,000 -2,000,000,000 -1 ,000,000,000 0 1,000,000,000 2,000,000,000 3,000,000,000 4,000,000,000 5,000,000,000 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Figure 7: Portfolio investment The Portfolio investment; bonds (PPG + PNG) (NFL; US dollar) in China was reported at approximate -2 billion in 2008, its highest hit was reported almost 5 billion in the years 2005 According to the World Bank, bonds are securities issued with a fixed rate of interest for a period of more than one year.They include net flows through cross-border public and publicly guaranteed and private nonguaranteed bond issues. Data are in current U. S. dollars. Electric power consumption 0 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,800 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Figure 8: Infrastructure China has been spending heavily in physical Infrastructure since the 90’s and that due to economic policy to improve the economic growth owing to its economic expansion. Figure 8 shows that the consumption of electricity has increased during the last 20 years. In 2009, it has hit a record of electric power consumption of 2400 kWh per capita.We measure infrastructure by looking at the Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) which measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants. Descriptive Statistics The table below shows a summary statistic for the dataset used, the means differ significantly across the variable. The skewness coefficient is close to 0 for most values. The null hypothesis of the Jarque Bera normality test is that the residuals are normally distributed.The decision rule is to accept this hypothesis if the statistic of Jarque Bera (JB) is less than 5. 99. Here, the JB statistic is less than 5. 99 for all the series which means we cannot reject the null; there is no evidence of non-normally distributed residuals, except for Foreign direct investment which shows JB higher that 5. 99. Table 4: Descriptive statistic | ForeignDirectInvestmentNet inflows| GrowthDomesticProduct| Government Final Consumption | The level of human capital| Inflation| Infrastructure| Trade openness| Return on investment| Mean| 0. 020258| 0. 047137| -0. 0028| 0. 04396| -0. 01937| 0. 03529| 0. 1491| -0. 62059| Median| -0. 0042| 0. 041494| -0. 00224| 0. 037303| -0. 0022| 0. 033887| 0. 01207| 0. 108995| Maximum| 0. 374106| 0. 109831| 0. 037975| 0. 108951| 0. 650219| 0. 065986| 0. 108611| 18. 08911| Minimum| -0. 31887| -0. 04897| -0. 04678| -0. 01321| -0. 68278| 0. 00866| -0. 10326| -18. 5564| Std. Dev. | 0. 138935| 0. 038244| 0. 019386| 0. 038065| 0. 338516| 0. 014811| 0. 045317| 10. 35226| Skewness| 0. 67502| -0. 30828| -0. 19908| 0. 194607| -0. 13538| 0. 431179| -0. 24933| -0. 07282| Kurtosis| 5. 047| 3. 28519| 2. 723548| 1. 917252| 2. 50906| 2. 477846| 3. 399615| 2. 832023| Jarque-Bera| 6. 63353| 0. 480719| 0. 244745| 1. 378992| 0. 327435| 1. 058651| 0. 425367| 0. 051484| Probability| 0. 043645| 0. 786345| 0. 884819| 0. 501829| 0. 848982| 0. 589002| 0. 808412| 0. 974587| Sum| 0. 506443| 1. 17842| -0. 06988| 1. 098993| -0. 4842| 0. 882238| 0. 372743| -15. 5147| Sum Sq. Dev. | 0. 463268| 0. 035102| 0. 00902| 0. 034775| 2. 750233| 0. 005265| 0. 049286| 2572. 062| Observations| 25| 25| 25| 25| 25| 25| 25| 25| Methodology The objective of this study is to determine the impact of different factors that contributed to the unprecedented economic growth of China over the past few decades.In order to control for the problems of misspecification caused by the application of classical linear regression methods, recent developments in time series econometrics will be used such as the Error Correction Models and Johansen co-integration test. In this section, we explain the methodology that is the basis for estimating the appropriate model for the Chinese economy. The impact of different factors that contributed to the unprecedented economic growth of China over the past few decades and d etermine whether those factors can be viewed as a determinant of economic growth.Estimation of the general model The literature review has identified some models and we chose a variant of the model presented by Robert Solow (1957). Indeed, the standard growth accounting approach seems appropriate which is decomposed into stocks of capital, labor, human capital and productivity. The model that we suggest to use is based on a functional form of Cobb Douglas: GDP=F( FDI, OPEN, HUMCAP , GOVSIZE, INFL, ROI) †¦(5) The dependent variable is the growth rate of real gross domestic product per capita.All the independents variables are derived from the neoclassical theory of growth mentioned in the literature reviews in chapter tree. The empirical model used to examine the determinants of growth in China is shown in equation (6) below: ? LGDP=? + ? 1 ? LFDI + ? 2 ? LOPEN + ? 3 ? LHUMCAP + ? 5 ? LGOVSIZE + ? 7 ? LINFL + ? 4 ? LROI +?. †¦ (6) Where: The ? is the intercept and ? the err or term. The variables used for the construction of the models are: LGDP = Log of real gross domestic product per capita. LFDI = Log of foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP). LOPEN = Log of trade openness (% of GDP).LHUMCAP = Log of the level of human capital (School enrolment, tertiary (% gross). LGOVSIZE = Log of general government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP). LINFL = Log of inflation, GDP deflator (annual %). LROI = Log of return on investment (long-term US interest rate): Portfolio investment, bonds). We have taken the logs of the variables in order to linearise the model. Furthermore the variables are tested for unit roots and are differenced accordingly to achieve stationarity. The results showed that most of the variables were I (1). The hypothesized relationships between GDP and its determinant:In the following table, we present the relationship between GDP and some of its determinant according to the literature reviews. Determinant of growth | Relat ion with Growth Domestic Product| Foreign direct investment| +| Trade openness| +| The level of human capital| +| General government final consumption| +/-| Inflation| -| Return on investment| +| CHAPTER 5 MODEL ESTIMATION AND FINDING This chapter presents the methods and estimation techniques used to determine the long-run and short-run growth for China. The empirical testing of this estimation will be done by following these tests: Determine whether the series are stationary or not by using the ADF test. * Estimating the OLS model with general equation. * Testing for Co integration using Engle and Granger technique and the Johansen cointegration test to see if the determinants of growth apply in the long run. * Estimating a VECM to examine the dynamics in the short-run and the adjustment of co-integration error term. 1. 1 Testing For Stationary using the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test: To avoid spurious regressions, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the series to see i f they are stationary or not.Equation tests for unit roots using the Simple Dickey-Fuller test. Yt=pYt-1 + ut (7) Yt will be stationary of the estimated value of p is less than 1. Yt will not be stationary of the estimated value of p is more or equal to 1. Therefore, we check for H0: p= 1 (Yt is not stationary) H1: p < 1 (Yt is stationary) A more convenient version of this test is to transform the model (by subtracting Yt-1 on both sides) and obtain the following: Yt=pYt-1 + ut (7) Where ? = p- 1. We can hence estimate equation (7) and test for ? as follows: H0: ? = 0 (Yt is not stationary) H1: ? lt; 0 (Yt is stationary) In equation (7) which is derived from equation (6), we are assuming that there are no constant and time trend (deterministic trend). There are 2 more versions of the Dickey-Fuller tests for unit roots shown in equations (8) and (9): In testing for unit roots, equation (8) includes a constant and equation (9) includes both a constant and a time trend. ?Yt=? 1 + ? Yt- 1 + ut †¦ (8) ?Yt=? 1 + ? 2t+ ? Yt-1 + ut †¦ (9) In equations (8) and (9), the DF test is still testing whether ? = 0. Generally, we look at the plot of the variable and decide which of equations to use.However, equations (7), (8) and (9) may suffer from autocorrelation and the test-statistics may be invalid. To solve the autocorrelation problem, we keep adding lags of the dependent variables (? Yt) until the problem disappears. The optimal number of lags are given by the SIC or AIC, but EViews will determine that automatically. This is called the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test. Using model (4), for example, the ADF model: ?Yt=? 1 + ? 2t+ ? Yt-1 + ? Yt-1 + ? Yt-2 + †¦ + ut†¦ (10) If the variables are found to be non-stationary, we transform them by differencing the variables to make them stationaryFor instance, let denote ? Yt = Dt . If Yt is not stationary, we take the first difference of Yt (? Yt ), and if we find that ? Yt is stationary, we say that Yt is integrated of order 1. However, if it’s not the case, we take the first difference of Dt (? Dt ), , If ? Dt is stationary, we say that Yt is integrated or order 2 or I(2). First all, before we undertake the test for stationary it’s useful to visualize the variables on a graph to see whether we need a constant or time trend or both in the ADF test. (See groupe figures 9. ). We have found that all the variables need a constant.Results of the stationarity test. The decision is made by comparing â€Å"ADF† to â€Å"critical value: If ADF> CV, then we accept the null hypothesis of non-stationarity of the variable and whether ADF [? 2(p)] one rejects the null hypothesis of no autocorrelation of order p. If LMA(p) < [? 2(p)] one cannot reject the null hypothesis of no autocorrelation of order p. Or equivalently, H0 = 0 there is no autocorrelation. H1 = different from 0, then the autocorrelation The statistic is distributed chi-squared, with p degrees of freedom. Acce pt H0 if the p-value of the Breusch-Godfrey statistic is greater than 0. 05.Table 9: Summary of the results from test for autocorrelation Models| Obs. * R-squared| Prob. Chi-Squared| Observation| Model 2| 0. 189117| | 0. 9098| | Autocorrelation is insignificant at the 5% level. | Model 3| 0. 267317| | 0. 8749| | Autocorrelation is insignificant at the 5% level. | Model 4| 0. 308434| | 0. 8571| | Autocorrelation is insignificant at the 5% level. | Model 5| 2. 285405| | 0. 3190| | Autocorrelation is insignifican